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University lectures

Questions and answers from Simon University

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Questions and answers from Simon University

"The night of February 24, 2012"

(i) Question: What are your views on the fact that, in the five main sects of Tibetan Buddhism, there are four who share the idea of hiding, and that only the Gruite is neutral and opposed to hiding after all?

A: In fact, the Grubans do not exclude them.

In the writings of Zhang Gaiji, the 5th Dalai Lama, Kjödjör, and Gru Pedagogics, all of which describe the existence of hide-and-seek and how it is now. However, the fact that their focus was different from that of the ISP debate and that they had a strong language did not mean that they did not recognize hiding.

Moreover, as far as the meso-looking sect itself is concerned, they certainly admit to hiding. Like the Dragon Buddha and the Moon Theorists, when they choose their victory, all means are empty, since they are empty, so what if they don't? Of course it's empty. As stated in the Magna Carta: "If there's nothing to hide, there's no hope, there's no end to it..." But when it's empty, it doesn't exist? Not really.

If, as you say, the Goluites think that if they do not exist, because everything is empty, it would be a denial of all the gods, and of all the sanctuaries of the Secrets. But how could they admit that? Absolutely not.

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Question: Why do you call it Red, Yellow, Flower, White in Tibetan Buddhism?

A: This is not the case in hiding.

Some of the Tibetan denominations have been named in time, such as the Ningma faction, which is old, and the Gru faction, which is new; some with place names, such as the Zaga faction, which means white and white earth; and others with meaning, such as the Zaga faction, which means "gadda", which means that all of the teachings of the Qanaonni Buddha are treated as teaching.

But in the statement of certain believers and scholars in Handi, it is as if the Red religion is in red, and the Yellow religion is in yellow. Is the flower religion going to be fragrance?

(ii) Question: I am a Ph.D. from the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Xiamen, in the direction of Buddhist philosophy. Excuse me, what is the relationship between empty and hidden?

A: The two are the same, that is, the same.

The word "now" refers to the point of light, and the word "empty" refers to "empty." When one is enlightened, there must be both present and empty boundaries. At this point, because of his emptiness, he is not committed to any law, which is known as the "discovery"; and because he is also secure, there is great sadness, good deeds and the accumulation of money. From one place to ten, that's all.

There is both wisdom and sorrow in enlightenment, and there is a great deal of truth, and there is a great deal of virtue, as clarity becomes clearer, and this is what is known as Buddha.

So, if understood separately, emptyness and light can be said to be two, but in real terms they are nothing.

(iii) Question: I am a Master ' s student at law school. I've heard there's meat eating in Tibetan Buddhism, but the scripture says, "The meat eater breaks his sorrows".

A: The book says, "No more meat, no more compassionate seed," and Tibetan Buddhism is fully recognized. Moreover, from the point of view of the Greater Neotheria 15{15}, Tibetan Buddhists believe that: In the case of Buddhism, the hunger strike should be cut, and the so-called "no more than clean meat" would be a small one. So, very...

It's also made up of theories that persuade people to eat vegetarians.

But, historically, why is there no vegan tradition like Hanji? That's why I told you in other literature, I hope you understand. However, we are particularly pleased with your traditions, and many monasteries are now essentially vegetarian.

Q: What do you think?

A: It is not from the Indian sexual forces, but it is the supreme method of reform of the secret " Time Wheel King " , but it is generally unmanageable in monasteries.

不过,它的理论基础,显宗的经论中也处处都有,像六祖的“烦恼即菩提”——贪、嗔、痴是菩提,这就是乐空双运的观点;而如果能落实到修持上,到了最高境界时,的确是转烦恼为菩提。所以,不要说密宗,显宗也成立这一点。

当然,对此不太了解的人,也许会从自己的文化背景出发,轻易评判这些高深的教义,但这样做,其实是很不妥当的。你们可以去藏地的寺院看看,看看他们在做些什么,在怎样地守护戒律,也看看密续是怎么说的,和显宗有何差别……

二十多年了,在我潜心研究藏、汉这两种不同传承教义的过程中,可以说,没有发现一处相违的地方。如果真的有,那我也不会执迷不悟,一味袒护自宗的观点,这又何必呢?我也知道什么是公正。

因此,大家一定要擦亮慧眼!

问:我看过师父讲的《弟子规》,知道您也在弘扬传统的儒家文化,请问当时您这样做,是出于什么样的发心呢?

答:我对儒家思想,一向都有很大的兴趣。

不仅是《弟子规》,这几年以来,我还学习了《论语》、《中庸》、《大学》、《三字经》,并将个别国学经典译成了藏文。我非常欣赏儒家的理念,比如,怎么为人处事、怎么孝顺、怎么恭敬……不过可惜的是,这些传统现在基本都没有了。

为什么要讲《弟子规》呢?也许你们觉得,由其他民族的人来弘扬你们的文化,有些不合理,但是当时我学了以后,感觉非常欢喜,觉得这里面讲的和佛教的意思很相合,很值得学习。尤其是年轻的佛教徒,不从这些方面有个约束的话,在以后的生活中,可能会给自己带来一些不便。

当然,对里面的个别理念,我是有看法的。但这个不要紧,就算是人和人接触,也难免有看法,何况是不同的思想?所以,重要的是,让自他都学到一些有用的东西。

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(四)问:我是学自然科学的。佛教认为生命有轮回,但在自然科学看来,这是比较难以接受的,请问,有什

么方法能证实轮回呢?

答:一个学自然科学的人,不接受轮回的说法,这一点我非常理解。

因为它关系到心的问题。但在现在的课程里,这方面仍是空白,自然科学的方向不是研究心,那些仪器也触及不到心的本源。所以,到目前为止,他们在心的领域内并无突破性进展,这是西方科学界所公认的。

不过,对于轮回的案例,许多科学家是承认的。像哈佛、耶鲁等的英美学者,他们在长期观察、审慎研究之后,从不同角度给出了结论。这类文章,我们“智悲翻译中心”最近翻译了许多,你们可以去看看。

当然,不仅是他们,像爱因斯坦、牛顿等这样的科学先驱,其实也相信轮回。这一点,从他们的传记、讲话中不难看出。既然如此,如果你只承认牛顿的部分学说——他在自然科学方面的理论,而否认他对生命延续的认识,恐怕是说不过去的。

所以,我们说有来世,你们不接受可以,但是科学家也说有轮回,是不是值得深思呢?

问:对于如来藏,我们怎样才能利用它的一些功能呢?

答:如来藏,也就是我们的真心。对于这个真心,首先要从理论上了解,了解以后,当你真正有所开悟时,它的部分功能就现前了。像禅宗大德所具有的超凡智慧,就是从这里来的;现在人在禅修以后,调节了身心、对治了烦恼,也是从这里来的。

所以,你想利用它的功能,就要学着修心。修心,是对心的一种训练,这和锻炼身体不一样。身体锻炼好了,人会健康,而心一旦训练到位了,种种功德便会纷至沓来。

(五)问:我是中国哲学的博士生。请问,阿赖耶识与如来藏有什么差别?

答:阿赖耶识,是具有微细分别的心识;而如来藏是众生的佛性,远离分别,不能与识混为一谈。

对于识与如来藏的关系,觉囊派一位大德曾以大海为喻:如来藏相当于大海的本体,阿赖耶识是大海的底层,而其他心识 16^{16} 则是上面的波涛。动荡的波涛,与相对平静的海底,其实都是以大海为本体。同样,所有心识的本体,就是如来藏。

问:那识和智有什么差别?

答:所谓识,就是各种分别或无分别的识聚;而所谓智,是指断除人我、法我后证得的通达一切万法的有境 17^{17} 。通过修行,识转依后就成了智。

问:请问如何观心?

答:观心的方法很多,禅宗、净土、华严、密宗……各个宗派都有自己的观心方法,但在所有的观法中,我自己修持的就两种:一是有相禅定:直接观想释迦牟尼佛;二是无相禅定:什么都不缘,就在明空无别的心的本体中稍许安住。

这两种方法包括了一切修法,也是我结合经典、论典的教义,自己常常观修的方法。

(六)问:我是学建筑装材的本科生。佛教讲“有生必有灭”,那人类将来的走向是什么呢?

答:今年是 2012,很多人认为,人类在不久的将来就会走向灭亡。(众笑)

有生必有灭,这是佛教对于生命最透彻的理解。其实地球也是一样,它有“成、住、坏、空”的不同阶段,现在是存在的状态,到了最后坏灭的时候,它就消失了。这和科学的认识一致。

那人类呢?人类那时候也会消失。不过,生命还是延续的,到其他的世界里继续“有生有灭”,流转不息。

问:我对地藏菩萨稍有了解,他的大愿是“众生度尽,方证菩提”,但我想问的是,地狱能度空吗?

答:地藏菩萨的大愿,是说明他要度化一切众生的伟大精神。

在大乘经典的教义里,地狱是不会空的。为什么呢?因为众生是无量的,就像虚空一样,没有边际。如果众生有边际,那菩萨一个一个地度下去,地狱一定有空的时候。但实际上,众生是无量无边的,所以地狱也不会空。

那地藏菩萨发了这样的愿——“地狱不空,誓不成佛”,是不是永远成不了佛呢?也不是。就像世人在做某件事情时,为了表明坚定、长远的心,也会发下大愿,有了大愿,事情很快就成办了。菩萨也是一样,在广大愿力的推动下,反而迅速成佛了。

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他的愿和文殊菩萨一样,是利根者的发愿,代表了佛教最高尚的精神。

(七)问:我是厦大中文系的学生。您刚才说到观

修释迦牟尼佛,请问该如何观呢?

答:在我译的《释尊广传》的后面,就有释迦牟尼佛的观修方法,还有仪轨,最好按仪轨和修行教言去观。

问:那是不是把佛当作一个可以学习的对象?

答:对!佛陀的事迹,可以从他的传记中了解。

而且,释迦牟尼佛是一切寂猛本尊 18^{18} 的根本,当你这么观的时候,你的上师、本尊、空行、护法等,实际也都包括在里面了。因为在法界当中,所有的佛都是一味一体的,虽然你观的是一尊,但其他的佛与这尊佛的本体无二无别。

当然,你观阿弥陀佛或别的任何本尊时,也都是这个道理。而我们观修佛,就是要和佛相应,不仅是向他学习,而且要和他一模一样。

(八)问:我是哲学系的教师。能否请您介绍一下,您对我们汉传佛教《六祖坛经》的看法?

答:我对《六祖坛经》的信心非常大!

八年前,我有幸得到这个法本,反复读了几遍之后,发愿以后一定要讲,但一直没讲成。今年我又发愿了,一定要开讲 19^{19} 。

你们也知道,在佛教的历史上,大德的作品一般都叫“论”,不叫“经”。但六祖的这部“论”,因为后人极为尊崇,所以就叫“经”了。这部经里的思想,我对比过了,和密宗大手印、大圆满的教言是一致的。

可见,一个证悟者从自性中流露的文字,总是有着非同一般的价值。

(九)问:我是厦大哲学系的研究生。对我来讲,中观他空见是非常难的一个思想,能否请您略略地讲一下?

答:他空见是显宗经典的究竟意义,也是《时轮金刚》、《密集金刚》等密宗经典的真实意趣,要想深入了解的话,我建议你看一下麦彭仁波切的《他空狮吼论》。

简单地讲,他空见认为:从凡夫到佛之间,如来藏的光明分都是存在的。这种存在,听上去是“常有”的意思,但这种“常有”,并不是因明里讲的观待的、暂时的常有。观待的“常”或“无常”,实际上是分别念的对境,属于有为法范畴,而他空见所谓的“常有”,是指如来藏的本体恒常,而它上面的所知法,也就是“客尘”,这些是不存在的。这就是“他空”的意思。

麦彭仁波切还有一部《如来藏大纲狮吼论》,也是讲他空的。所谓“狮吼”,是说这个他空见就像狮子的吼声一样,能遣除各种邪说。觉囊派也有一个《山法论》,不知道现在有没有汉译本?

(十)问:我是哲学系的硕士研究生。现在我还是想问,如来藏到底是个什么?

答:如来藏有光明的一分,但它不像明灯一样有实在的体性,是远离四边八戏的。虽然每一个众生都有如来藏,但我们现在还见不到它。

问:那是不是我们的欲望、烦恼,把它给包住了呢?

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答:也可以这么说吧,就像刚才讲的九种比喻一样。

这九种比喻是佛经里讲的,弥勒菩萨的《宝性论》引用了,无垢光尊者的《大圆满心性休息大车疏》也引用了,而且也作了对应:从初学者一直到十地菩萨之间 20^{20} 。但这其中的道理是很深的,再怎么讲,可能也比较神秘。

(十一)问:在您刚才讲的那个比喻当中,如来藏和阿赖耶识是不同的,如来藏是大海,那阿赖耶识是什么呢?

答:阿赖耶识是大海的底层。

问:那从作为其他识的本体的角度,它跟如来藏有何区别呢?

答:眼耳鼻舌等这些识,既以阿赖耶识为本体,也以如来藏为本体。但在如来藏这一层面,它就像大海的水;而其他的识,也包括阿赖耶识,可以从水的不同颜色这一侧面来理解。

问:那如来藏它是动还是不动呢?

答:你说大海是动还是不动?

问:既算是动,也算是不动。

答:那如来藏也是一样,可以算是动,也可以算是不动。

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